even 90+ % in the case of aircraft structural parts. Net-shape and near-net-shape processes minimize the waste by making precision dies, producing parts with very little draft angle (less than 1º). These types of processes often eliminate or reduce machining. The processes are quite expensive in terms of tooling and the capital expenditure required. Thus, these processes can be only justified for current processes that are very wasteful where the material savings will pay for the significant increase in tooling costs.

As, it's a common occurrence that forging results in wastage of material in the form of material flash and machining operations. This can reach 70% for gear blanks and even around 90% in case of aircraft structural parts. Net-shape and near-net-shape processes helps in minimizing this enormous waste by making precision dies and making parts with very little draft angle (less than 1º)

Limitation :

This process is expensive in terms of tooling requirements and the capital expenditure involved. It can be only suited for processes that are very wasteful and the material savings made will pay for the rise in tooling costs.